tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60682280222742620692024-03-08T12:33:19.456-03:00FILOSOFINGPensamentos compartilhados!Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-46791234886681123402010-04-25T01:41:00.001-03:002010-04-25T01:41:16.429-03:00Free-IQTest.net<img style="visibility:hidden;width:0px;height:0px;" border=0 width=0 height=0 src="http://counters.gigya.com/wildfire/IMP/CXNID=2000002.0NXC/bHQ9MTI3MjE3MDI4NTMzOSZwdD*xMjcyMTcwMzUyNTY*JnA9MTA5MTkxJmQ9RklRJm49YmxvZ2dlciZnPTEmbz*3ZmVkNGVkZWMx/NTA*NzIxYTQ2ZWFlZTA5ODBmZjNmOQ==.gif" /><a href="http://www.free-iqtest.net" title="Free IQ Test"><img src="http://www.free-iqtest.net/images/badges2/l136.gif" width="200" height="100" alt="Free IQ Test" border="0"></a><br>Free-IQTest.net - <a title="Free IQ Test" href="http://www.free-iqtest.net">Free IQ Test</a>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-58491622449797208052009-10-02T20:44:00.007-03:002009-10-03T09:20:25.107-03:00“FILOSOFIA MODERNA”<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 36px; font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b>Uma caminhada das trevas à luz?</b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;line-height: 150%; "><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">RESUMO</span></span></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Português:</span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Um breve relato de algumas das características principais da Filosofia Moderna e Iluminismo e a ótica desses do homem e da sociedade, questionando a realidade da afirmação que a modernidade de fato seja um trajeto da humanidade das trevas à luz.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Palavras-chave: Modernidade, Iluminismo, razão, perfectibilidade, liberdade, homem, sociedade. </span></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 28px; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ABSTRACT</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">English:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A brief description of some of the principal characteristics Modern Philosophy (modernity) and the Enlightenment period and their vision of man and society, questioning the reality of the affirmation that modernity demonstrates in fact the passage of humanity from darkness to light.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Keywords: Modernity, enlightenment, reason, perfectibility, liberty, man, society.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 31px; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">SUMÁRIO</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640502"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Introdução:</span></span></b></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640503"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2. Características gerais da filosofia moderna.</span></span></b></a></p> <p class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640505"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) O Racionalismo</span></span></a></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640508"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) O Empirismo</span></span></a></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640511"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">c) A perfectibilidade.</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640517"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3. Características gerais do iluminismo</span></span></b></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640518"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) Liberdade e o fim da opressão.</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640519"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) Vulgarização da Filosofia e a literatura clandestina.</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640520"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">c) O Projeto dos Enciclopedistas</span></span></a></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640521"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4. A compreensão de ser humano e de sociedade no Iluminismo.</span></span></a></b></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640524"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) No homem a perfeição, a autonomia racional e a liberdade natural. .</span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640532"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) Na sociedade, a moral, a igualdade, a liberdade e a autonomia individual.</span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640538"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">5. Conclusão:</span></span></a></b></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640542"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Referências Bibliográficas</span></span></a></b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640542"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">:</span></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_Toc240640542"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "><a name="_Toc227816292"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span></span></b></a><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Introdução:</span></span></b></span></span></span></p></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os primeiros </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">pontos de luz </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">nas trevas do pensar livre, provocados pela rendição da razão à soberania da fé durante a chamada idade média, são percebidos nas obras de pensadores como Copérnico</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> que, em sua defesa e interpretação da teoria heliocêntrica provocou uma verdadeira revolução. O deslocamento da terra, obra prima do Deus criador, do centro do universo significou que o homem, tido como o supremo ato da criação, deixou também de ocupar seu lugar de criatura sujeito aos caprichos desse Deus. Da mesma forma que Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles antes deles os filósofos da modernidade chamaram para o âmbito da inteligência e capacidade humana a tarefa de pensar o mundo!</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os historiadores afirmam que o renascimento nos séculos XIV e XV marcado pela redescoberta da arte e literatura grega, o humanismo com sua ênfase no temporal e o consequente colocação do homem no centro da realidade, o repensar da política e estilo de governo marcado pelas obras do Maquiavel</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, o estudo científico e a Filosofia Moderna com sua ênfase do poder racional do homem, sinalizaram um retorno às raízes do pensamento racional e a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">morte </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">do poder de controle do astrólogo, do mago e da igreja sobre o conhecimento. A sabedoria</span></span><a name="_Toc227816293"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (o conhecimento) não é mais visto como algo sagrada e mística além da compreensão do homem comum; através do pensar, do raciocinar o homem é capaz de traçar seu próprio destino e caminhar rumo ao conhecimento. No presente texto serão apresentadas características dessa época da jornada humana, será que é de fato uma viagem das trevas à luz ou pode ser considerado o curso natural das coisas à luz do crescer do conhecimento humano?</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc240640073"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2.</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Características gerais da filosofia moderna.</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640504"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640074"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035580"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035011"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A filosofia da idade moderna nasceu graças aos trabalhos dos protagonistas do renascimento cultural e científico dos séculos XIV e XV entre eles Nicolau Copérnico, Leonardo da Vinci</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, e dos esforços de cientistas e pensadores como Galileu Galilei</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, Francis Bacon</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, René Descartes</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e Emanuel Kant</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> nos séculos seguintes e tem entre suas características:-</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><o:p><a name="_Toc240640075"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) O Racionalismo</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640506"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640076"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035582"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035013"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A filosofia moderna propriamente falando iniciou-se com a teoria do conhecimento do René Descartes. Conhecido como pai da filosofia moderna, parece que ele levou muito a sério as palavras do Leonardo Da Vinci que diz “Quem pouca pensa, muito erra.”! </span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Na Idade Média, na sociedade e na política a Palavra de Deus, considerada fonte única do conhecimento absoluto, foi interpretada pela igreja que dominava todos os aspectos da vida. O renascimento trouxe uma ênfase renovada no desenvolvimento científico e na capacidade humana e a necessidade de uma nova definição do ser humano e seu lugar no mundo. Na modernidade a chamada </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Idade da Razão</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> então, surgiu à necessidade de redefinir os paradigmas, Descartes na declaração, “penso logo existo”, descrito pelo Prof. Wesley Dourado na palestra “Aspectos Gerais da Filosofia Moderna” </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> como um “</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ponto arquemédico</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> [...] a verdade inicial da qual se poderá constituir outras verdades” iniciou esse processo. Ele declara que o homem, ser racional por natureza, tem a capacidade de alcançar o conhecimento e mais que isso, sua existência é definida pelo ato de pensar.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640507"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640077"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035583"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035014"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Por entender ser possível chegar ao pleno conhecimento através do processo de pensamento racional, Descartes, idealizou um processo de dúvida metódica pelo qual através da rejeição (eliminação) de pensamentos ou ideias em que resida a menor dúvida o homem seria capaz de alcançar o conhecimento. As obras do Descartes formaram a base sobre qual os racionalistas desenvolveram seus processos.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><o:p><a name="_Toc240640078"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) O Empirismo</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640509"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640079"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035585"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035016"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Quando Leonardo Da Vinci afirma que “A sabedoria é filha da experiência” (ABBAGNANO, §388) ele de fato resume em poucas palavras a crença dos empiristas ingleses cujo trabalho antecedeu por quase um século. Francis Bacon, John Locke</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, David Hume</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e outros pensadores contra posição aos racionalistas do continente europeu desenvolveram e propagavam o raciocínio experimental, ou seja, a teoria de que o único caminho pelo qual o homem pode chegar ao conhecimento é através da experiência sensível (empírica). Marlene Chauí explica que Francis Bacon “propõe a instauração de um método, definido como modo seguro de ‘aplicar a razão à experiência’, isto é, de aplicar o pensamento lógico aos dados oferecidos pelo conhecimento sensível”. (2006 – p.126)</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640510"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640080"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035586"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035017"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Marlene Chauí afirma que para os empiristas o contato com o mundo externo através de um conjunto de sensações (através dos sentidos) leva a um processo de dedução que possibilita o conhecimento, “O conhecimento é obtido por soma e associação das sensações na percepção e tal soma e associação dependem da freqüência, da repetição e da sucessão dos estímulos externos e de nossos hábitos”. (2006 – p.133) Um fator marcante da modernidade é a separação entre a Filosofia e a Ciência empírica. A ciência moderna, dependente nas experiências desenvolvidas em situações controladas, é empírica por natureza, contrastando-se com o pensamento do Aristóteles que percebia a Metafísica como </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ciência primeira</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc240035017"></a><a name="_Toc240640081"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">c) A perfectibilidade.</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640512"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640082"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035588"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os precursores da filosofia moderna entre eles Leonardo da Vinci, Copérnico e Galileu acreditaram na perfectibilidade da natureza e defenderam a teoria da perfectibilidade da razão humana. Iniciou-se uma “busca por expressar, entender, explicar pela razão perfeita a natureza perfeita” </span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> A ciência renascentista entendeu que pelo fato que Deus criou a natureza é possível conhecer Deus através da natureza e, portanto, produzir conhecimento.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640513"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640083"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035589"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035020"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Em sua epistemologia Immanuel Kant sintetizou as teorias do Descartes e os racionalistas continentais e Hume e os empiristas ingleses. </span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640514"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640084"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035590"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240035021"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O processo de racionalização, característico da Modernidade, que começara com os renascentistas e com os cientistas, e passara por Descartes e pelos empiristas, podia agora, ser compreendido por Kant como um processo que representava o curso natural da evolução da sociedade. Finalmente o ser o humano estava apto para raciocinar sobre a própria razão. (UMESP 2009 – p.11)</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><o:p><a name="_Toc240035022"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Leonardo da Vinci via nas formas perfeitas da matemática uma maneira de ilustrar a perfeição do corpo humano (o homem vitruviano) e assim tomou o curso da teoria da perfectibilidade. Kant, por sua vez, via na possibilidade do homem chegar à perfeição um processo natural de desenvolvimento rumo ao </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">esclarecimento</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (Aufklãrung), um processo evolução pela qual o homem atinge sua maioridade, processo que depende não de condições externas, mas, na vontade do homem, só não tem condições de alcançar essa independência os preguiçosos que escolhem permanecer na minoridade sob a tutela intelectual de terceiros.</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640516"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640086"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Embora enfatizando e dando destaque alto à razão e a perfectibilidade humana, Kant e outros filósofos modernos não fizeram nenhuma ruptura dramática dos valores religiosos da idade média. Essa ruptura veio com os Iluministas franceses como Voltaire e Diderot que produziram obras laicas e seculares e, por vezes extremamente críticas da ação de igreja e sua influência opressiva na sociedade e interferência no governo.</span></span></a></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc227816294"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640517"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640087"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3.</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Características gerais do iluminismo</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Danilo Marcondes em sua Introdução à História da Filosofia oferece a seguinte síntese do Iluminismo</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, ou Século das Luzes um movimento do pensamento europeu (mais forte na França) concentrado principalmente nos últimas cinco décadas do século XVIII - “O Iluminismo valorizou o conhecimento como instrumento de libertação e progresso da humanidade, levando o homem à sua autonomia e a sociedade à democracia, ou seja, ao fim da opressão.” (2007. p.210). Tomando de base suas palavras, o iluminismo como movimento dentro da modernidade, mantendo a ênfase na racionalidade, tem características próprias tais como:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><a name="_Toc240640518"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) Liberdade e o fim da opressão.</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">“a liberdade é condição para que a sociedade siga seu curso natural rumo ao Esclarecimento” (UMESP, 2009 – p.11). A liberdade no pensamento iluminista é a liberdade da qual Kant escreveu em sua resposta a pergunta O que é o Esclarecimento? </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Esse esclarecimento não exige todavia nada mais que a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">liberdade; </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e mesmo a mais inofensiva de todas as liberdades, isto é, a de fazer um </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">uso público </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">de sua razão em todos os domínios [...] Em toda parte só se vê limitação da liberdade [...] o uso </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">público </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">da nossa razão deve a todo momento ser livre, e somente ele pode difundir o Esclarecimento entre os homens (KANT - p.3). </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O pensamento iluminista influenciou os grupos responsáveis por movimentos de libertação no século XVIII, seu efeito foi sentido de maneira muito particular na França e foi um dos fatores catalisadores da Revolução Francesa. A burguesia, educado e gerador de riqueza se via presa sobre o jugo da aristocracia, da monarquia absolutista e da igreja dominantes desde a Idade Média, obrigada a pagar impostos para manter o luxo de poucos ansiava por uma sociedade livre. Achou aliados prontos lutar entre as massas paupérrimas de Paris se levantou em revolta contra a opressão pelo direito de ter liberdade de escolha sobre o curso da própria vida e uma voz no governo do país que ajudou a enriquecer. Voltaire</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> que criticou o absolutismo da monarquia, o poder da igreja e sua interferência no sistema político e influenciou muito o movimento da revolução acreditava que sem liberdade de pensamentos não existe liberdade.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><a name="_Toc240640519"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) Vulgarização da Filosofia e a literatura clandestina.</span></span></a></span></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Autores do Iluminismo francês como Voltaire e Diderot</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, entenderam a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">vulgarização </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">(popularização) da filosofia e do conhecimento essenciais para o desenvolvimento do homem e, portanto, da sociedade. O conhecimento e principalmente o pensamento iluminista permeavam a sociedade na forma de contos, poesias e ensaios. Os membros da burguesia (novo classe media) francesa que tinha acesso à educação se interessavam em </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">se esclarecer</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e questionavam a o poder da aristocracia foram os principais leitores desse material. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">As publicações, muitas escritas na clandestinidade sob pseudônimos, que espalhavam críticas à igreja, à aristocracia e incentivava o questionamento do absolutismo, foram consideradas subversivas</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, condenadas e, os autores caçados. Voltaire pertencia a uma família nobre fato que lhe dava acesso à aristocracia que criticava, mas, diferentemente a muitos de sua época ele acreditava que o esclarecimento levaria a própria aristocracia a desejar uma sociedade mais justa. Escritor popular, Voltaire escreveu um grande número de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">contos </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e usava bem esse recurso literário na divulgação de seu pensamento filosófico, o uso de tom irônico e polêmico atraiu os leitores e irritou as autoridades, a fim de evitar prisão (em comum com os filósofos clandestinos da época) publicou vários de suas obras anonimamente ou sob outros pseudônimos.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><a name="_Toc240640520"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">c) O Projeto dos Enciclopedistas</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Como parte do processo de esclarecimento, os iluministas buscaram disponibilizar a população o conhecimento por tanto tempo controlado exclusivamente pelos </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">doutores</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[17]</span></span></b></span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Com o alvo de reunir </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">todo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> o conhecimento disponível e apresentar à sociedade uma versão perfeito e final, Diderot e d’Alembert</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> publicaram as obras dos melhores autores na “</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Enciclopédia ou Dicionário lógico das ciências, artes e ofícios” </span></span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, </span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">nesse projeto ambicioso “Todo esforço fora realizado sem se perder de vista o objetivo de vulgarização do conhecimento” (UMESP – p.15).</span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc227816295"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640521"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4. A compreensão de ser humano e de sociedade no Iluminismo.</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640522"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640088"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A disponibilização do conhecimento é indicativa do fato de que, no Iluminismo, o progresso (do ser humano e da sociedade) é determinado pela razão através da qual o homem</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[20]</span></span></b></span></i></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> caminha rumo ao conhecimento e os descobertos científicos alcançados tanto pela aplicação da razão como pela experiência empírica. Esses fatos são resultados </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">de</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, e exercem influencia </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">sobre</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> os conceitos do ser humano e da sociedade mantidos pelos filósofos modernos do Iluminismo.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640523"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640089"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Nas obras dos iluministas há um retorno aos conceitos da antiguidade e o renovo e repensar desses. Filósofos como Rousseau</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> por exemplo, reformularam os conceitos platônicos e aristotélicos da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">pólis </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">grega, da participação de todos os cidadãos na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">política</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> para criar a base da nova sociedade. Em sua obra principal, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Do Contrato Social</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, Rousseau “</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Afirma [...] que a sociedade funciona como um pacto social, onde os indivíduos, organizados em sociedade, concedem alguns direitos ao Estado em troca de proteção e organização.” </span></span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Tomando como base a afirmação do filosofo alguns das características principais da compreensão do ser humano e da sociedade nessa época são:</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><a name="_Toc240640090"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a) No homem a perfeição, a autonomia racional e a liberdade natural. .</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640525"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640091"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">De acordo com Danilo Marcondes uma das características fundamentais da filosofia do Iluminismo em relação ao homem é “o individualismo que se baseia na existência do indivíduo livre e autônomo, consistente e capaz de se autodeterminar” (2007- p.208). O homem que de acordo com Rousseau nasce </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">bom </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">é visto no como livre, autônomo, dono de si e capaz de se traçar seu próprio destino.</span></span></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640526"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640092"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">No primeiro capítulo </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Do Contrato Social, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Rousseau declara “O homem nasce bom, a sociedade corrompe”. A ideia da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">perfeição</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> natural do homem apresenta um contraste ao conceito da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">perfectibilidade </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">do homem de outros filósofos modernos que viam a humanidade num caminhar rumo (um progresso racional) à perfeição e um contraste maior aos iluministas franceses que na maioria afirmaram que o homem, embora, nasceu imperfeito, alcançou a perfeição com o advento das ciências e a abertura do conhecimento.</span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640527"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640093"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Em seguida Rousseau declara que “o homem nasce livre e por toda parte se encontra acorrentada”. A </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">liberdade natural</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> do homem no pensamento do Rousseau, embora negada historicamente pela ação opressiva da igreja ou do estado, não pode ser retirada, as condições na qual o homem vive podem o acorrentar, mas não muda o fato que nasceu livre!</span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640528"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640094"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Nesse tema Marcondes escreve “O grande instrumento do Iluminismo é a consciência individual, autônoma em sua capacidade de conhecer o real” ele percebe em todo o processo do iluminismo a atribuição ao “conhecimento a capacidade de, precisamente, </span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">libertar</span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">o homem dos grilhões que lhe são impostos pela ignorância e pela superstição, tornando-as facilmente domináveis” afirmando que “O pressuposto básico do Iluminismo afirma, portanto, que todos os homens são dotados de uma espécie de </span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">luz natural</span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> de uma </span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">racionalidade</span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> uma capacidade natural de aprender, capaz de permitir que conheçam o real e ajam livre e adequadamente para a realização de seus fins.” (2007 – p.207)</span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640529"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640095"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Kant no prefácio à 1ª Edição da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Critica da razão pura</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> dá sua resposta a pergunta: O que impede o homem de obter o conhecimento que necessita?</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640530"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640096"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Nossa época é propriamente a época da crítica, à qual tudo tem de submeter-se. A religião por sua santidade, e a legislação, por sua majestade, querem comumente esquivar-se dela. Mas desse modo suscitam justa suspeita contra si e não podem ter pretensões àquele respeito sem disfarce que a razão outorga àquilo que foi capaz de sustentar seu exame livre e público. (Kant CRP - Apud. Marcondes – 2007 p.207-208). </span></span></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640531"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640097"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">É justamente o “exame livre e público” do conhecimento disponível proposta pelos iluministas francesas que é garantem a liberdade e autonomia do homem rumo à perfeição e, portanto, a construção de uma sociedade baseada na liberdade e na igualdade.</span></span></span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc240640097"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;"></span></span></a><a name="_Toc240640098"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">b) Na sociedade, a moral, a igualdade, a liberdade e a autonomia individual.</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640533"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640099"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Para Kant a sociedade composta de homens esclarecidos abre a possibilidade da criação de uma sociedade moral baseada no livre e irrestrito uso da razão na esfera publica “o uso público da nossa razão deve a todo momento ser livre, e somente ele pode difundir o Esclarecimento entre os homens” (Kant – p3). Para Kant, não pagar impostos para não concordar com os mesmos, ou agir de qualquer forma contra a ordem da sociedade pode ser considerada crime e, até sujeitar o homem a uma punição, mas, não lhe tire o direito de uma opinião particular (o uso da razão privada), mas isso deve ser restrita a manifestações eruditas em momento oportuno e não ser motivo de escândalo público. Da mesma forma um soldado pode não concordar com as razões que provocaram a batalha na qual esteja lutando, mas, no momento da batalha ele deve </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">suspender </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">temporariamente sua razão pessoal e obedecer a seu comandante em nome da razão pública (coletiva).</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640534"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640100"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Enquanto Kant respondia que a humanidade vivia num a época de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">esclareciment</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">o.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640535"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640101"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Quando se pergunta, portanto; vivemos atualmente numa época esclarecida? A resposta é: não, mas numa época de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">esclarecimento. </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Muito falta ainda para que os homens, no estado atual das coisas, tomados conjuntamente, estejam já num ponto em que possam estar em condições de se servir, em matéria de religião, com segurança e êxito, de seu próprio entendimento sem a tutela de outrem. Mas que desde já, o campo lhes esteja aberto para mover-se livremente, e que os obstáculos à generalização do Esclarecimento e à saída da minoridade que lhes é auto-imputável sejam cada vez menos numerosos, é o que temos signos evidentes para crer (Kant –p.7).</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><o:p><a name="_Toc240640102"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Rousseau e os iluministas franceses eram da opinião que a humanidade já possuía todo o conhecimento necessário para a constituição de uma sociedade perfeita. Junto com a noção da perfectibilidade do homem chegava à certeza do sucesso do desenvolvimento social e científico da sociedade. Embora partindo de pontos diferentes os iluministas franceses e Rousseau, visavam o mesmo resultado o homem livre vivendo numa sociedade livre da opressão.</span></span></a></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640537"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640103"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Enquanto a maioria dos pensadores iluministas afirmou o homem esclarecido através da filosofia, da ciência, e da educação que foram dadas a tarefa de remover os obstáculos (fato confirmado nas obras de Voltaire e Diderot), pronto para transformar a sociedade, Kant falava de um processo de esclarecimento e Rousseau afirmava que a criança nasce boa, mas é corrompida pela sociedade, para ele a resposta para o aperfeiçoamento da sociedade, proposta no livro Emílio, é coisa do futuro é também um processo. A resposta é o isolamento das crianças para educação e a reinserção delas na sociedade na fase adulto, somente elas terão alcançado a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">perfeição </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">necessária para mudar a sociedade.</span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640538"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640104"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">5. Conclusão:</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035595"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240035026"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640539"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640105"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A filosofia moderna coloca a razão, sujeito a exigências da fé na idade média, em liberdade e por fim à dependência do ser humano possibilitando seu esclarecimento, colocando o conhecimento ao seu alcance. Representa (na Europa ocidental) uma retomada do pensamento da antiguidade e libertação do conhecimento do controle da igreja poderosa </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">dispensadora</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> da graça divina na idade média.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640540"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640106"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Embora represente um retorno do pensamento racional à supremacia, e, em particular um novo olhar ao pensamento platônico, a filosofia moderna em declarar que o conhecimento é acessível e alcançável a todos e não faz separação entre o mundo sensível das coisas e o mundo intangível das ideias.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Na antiguidade Platão e Aristóteles visaram à formação de uma sociedade perfeita e feliz através da ação conjunta em prol do bem comum (ação política) na</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> polis. </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os habitantes da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">pólis </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">foram considerados homens esclarecidos, esse </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">esclarecimento</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> foi reservado apenas os cidadãos gregos, não foram incluídos as mulheres, as classes trabalhadoras e muito menos os escravos. A filosofia moderna e o iluminismo não restringiam o conhecimento a uma</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> elite</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> social, religiosa ou intelectual, o colocaram ao alcance de todos que desejavam sair da minoridade, da dependência do tutelar de outros. A sociedade moderna (perfeita) seria o resultado do esclarecimento de todos.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640541"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc240640107"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Finalizei a introdução desse texto perguntando se essa época da jornada humana pode ser considerada de fato, como interpretada posteriormente pelos historiadores, uma viagem das trevas à luz ou deve ser interpretado como curso natural das coisas à luz do crescer do conhecimento humano? Estou da opinião que a interpretação retrospectiva é falível, porque sempre apresenta a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">coloração </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">da opinião pessoal do interprete e a própria história nos mostra que, mesmo com todo o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">esclarecimento</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> da idade moderna a sociedade está longe de romper todas as </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">trevas</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> da ignorância e da opressão. Mesmo não considerando a passagem um rompimento radical, é claro que os efeitos na caminhada do ser humano rumo ao conhecimento pleno foram grandes. Para mim, os pensadores modernos, os radicais iluministas fizeram sua parte da caminhada da humanidade, são responsáveis em grande parte pelo despertar política na Europa, o desenvolvimento científico e principalmente por disponibilizar a população em geral, conhecimento ora restrito aos eruditos.</span></span></a></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640542"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc240640108"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc227816296"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Referências Bibliográficas</span></span></span></b></a><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">:</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ABBAGNANO, Nicola – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">História da Filosofia, </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">vol. VI. Lisboa -1970: Editorial Presença. Versão eletrônica:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify"><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/41469479/2b8af9b8/Nicola_Abbagnano_-_Historia%20da%20filosofia_06.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.4shared.com/file/41469479/2b8af9b8/Nicola_Abbagnano_-_Historia da filosofia_06.html</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Acesso em 31.08.2009.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">CHAUÍ, Marilena </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Convite à Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> –Editora Ática -13ª ed. 2006.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dados biográficos - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:18.0pt;line-height: 150%"><u><span style=" ;color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.suapesquisa.com </span></span></span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">- acesso em 06/09/2009 e 13/09/2009</span></span><u><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:18.0pt;line-height: 150%"><a href="http://www.mundodosfilosofos.com.br/bacon.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.mundodosfilosofos.com.br</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - acesso em 06/09/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:18.0pt;line-height: 150%"><a href="http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - acesso em 07/09/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:18.0pt;line-height: 150%"><a href="http://www.e-escola.pt/personalidades"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.e-escola.pt/personalidades</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - acesso em 07/09/2009</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">KANT, Immanuel – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Resposta à pergunta: O que é o Esclarecimento? </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">– Tradução – Luiz P. Rouanet. Disponível em </span></span><a href="http://br.geocities.com/eticaejustica/esclarecimento.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://br.geocities.com/eticaejustica/esclarecimento.pdf</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - Acesso em 06/09/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">5.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">MARCONDES, Daniel – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Iniciação à História da Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Rio de Janeiro – Editora Jorge Zahar 11º Ed. – 2007.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">6.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">PANSARELLI, Daniel et. al. – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Conhecimento e Metafísica: </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">do Iluminismo à Atualidade: Leitura de Filosofia. – São Bernardo do Campo, UMESP – 2009.</span></span></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1473-1543) </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Nicolau Copérnico</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> nasceu em Torun, Polônia, estudou em Cracóvia, Bolhonha, Pádua e Ferrara laureando se em direto canônico em 1503. Obra mais importante </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">De revolutionibus orbium coelestrim.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Principalmente na obra </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O Príncipe.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1452-1519) Artista italiano, filho ilegítimo de Pedro da Vinci com uma camponesa chamada Caterina, </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Leonardo Da Vinci</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> f</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">oi um dos mais importantes pintores do</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/renascimento"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Renascimento</span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Cultural e passou seus últimos anos na França numa casa cedida pelo rei Francisco I. É considerado um gênio, pois se mostrou um excelente anatomista, engenheiro, matemático músico, naturalista,</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/profissoes/arquiteto.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">arquiteto</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, inventor e escultor. Seus trabalhos e projetos científicos foram registrados, muitas vezes em código, em livros de anotações, e foi como artista que conseguiu o reconhecimento e o prestígio das pessoas de sua época.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> G</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">rande Físico,</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/matematica"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Matemático</span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e Astrônomo, </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Galileu Galilei</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> nasceu na Itália no ano de 1564. Durante sua juventude ele escreveu obras sobre</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/pesquisa/dante.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dante</span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e Tasso.</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Descobriu a lei dos corpos e enunciou o princípio da Inércia. Foi um dos principais representantes do</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/renascimento"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Renascimento</span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Científico dos séculos XVI e XVII.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1561-1626) </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Francisco Bacon</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> o iniciador do Empirismo inglês nasceu numa família que servia a família real, eu pai sendo tutor chefe do jovem Edward VI. Bacon estudou em Cambridge e Paris e iniciou carreira como político e jurista no reinado da Elizabeth I. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Sua posição filosófica apelou para a metafísica tradicional, grega e escolástica, aristotélica e tomista.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1596-1650) </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">René Descartes</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> nasceu em La Haye, França e estudou no então famoso colégio jesuita La Fleche. Decepcionou-se com a Filosofia Escolástica que não o levava a nenhuma verdade indiscutível </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">"Não encontramos aí nenhuma coisa sobre a qual não se dispute". Só nas matemáticas encontrou as verdades absolutas: "As matemáticas agradavam-me sobretudo por causa da certeza e da evidência de seus raciocínios".</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Dedicou-se na aplicação do mesmo rigor ao pensamento racional e desenvolveu seu próprio método científico a ser aplicado para provar a veracidade dos fatos apresentados.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1724-1804) Filosofo alemão, </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Immanuel Kant</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, nasceu e morreu na cidade de Königsberg. D</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">epois de um longo período como professor secundário, começou em 1755 a carreira universitária ensinando Ciências Naturais. Em 1770 foi nomeado professor catedrático da universidade de Königsberg, levando uma vida dedicada aos estudos filosóficos. Realizou numerosos trabalhos sobre ciência, física, matemática, etc. É c</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">onhecido pelo desenvolvimento do idealismo transcendental, da filosofia moral e uma teoria sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema solar.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/leonardo/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.suapesquisa.com/leonardo/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - Acesso 06/09/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Disponível no UMESP:AVA – Atividades Complementares – seu espaço de compartilhamento sócio-cultural.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1632-1704) </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">John</span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Locke</span></span></span></em></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">foi filho de um advogado que lutou com os Parlamentaristas na Guerra Civil Inglesa. Foi aluno da famosa escola de Westminster e estudou filosofia, ciências naturais e medicina na Universidade de Oxford. Em 1665 foi enviado para Brandenburgo como secretário de legação e mais tarde para a França no serviço do Lord Shaftesbury onde conheceu as personalidades da cultura francesa do</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">"grand siècle"</span></span></em><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Em 1683 refugiou-se na Holanda, onde participou no movimento político que levou Guilherme de Orange ao trono da Inglaterra. De volta à pátria dedicou-se aos estudos filosóficos, morais, políticos.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">(1711-1776) </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">David Hume</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> nasceu na Escócia, em Edimburgo e pertencia a uma família abastada. Fez bons estudos no colégio de Edimburgo - um dos melhores da Escócia, em seguida transformado em universidade -, cujo professor de "filosofia", isto é, de física e ciências naturais, Stewart, era um cientista discípulo de Newton. Hume quis ser o Newton da psicologia. O subtítulo de seu</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Tratado da Natureza Humana</span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">é, nesse sentido, bastante esclarecedor: "Uma tentativa de introdução do método de raciocínio experimental nas ciências morais”</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Citação extraída da tele aula do dia 25/08/2009 – Prof. Daniel Pansarelli.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Embora reconhecida a influência do pensamento Iluminista na sociedade de vários países entre eles os EUA e “Declaração de Independência” de 1776 a ênfase e a exemplificação no presente texto será do efeito do Iluminismo Francês.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1694-1778) </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Voltaire era o pseudônimo de François-Marie Arouet, importante escritor e filósofo nasceu e morreu na cidade de Paris.</span></span></span></span><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Membro d</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e uma família nobre francesa estudou em colégio jesuíta onde aprendeu latim e grego. Influenciado por Isaac Newton e John Locke Escreveu diversos ensaios, romances, poemas e até peças de teatro.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Defendia as liberdades civis (de expressão, religiosa e de associação) e foi um defensor do livre comércio, contra o controle do estado na economia.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> 1713-1784 Denis Diderot</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Educado em colégio de jesuítas, recebe sólida instrução humanística. Em 1732 instala-se em Paris e ganha a vida como tradutor. Depois, dedica-se à direção editorial da Enciclopédia. Diderot, como iluminista, tinha fé no progresso contínuo e certeza de que a chave para decifrar os enigmas do mundo estava com a ciência. Ele manteve a opinião que a religião deve exercer apenas a tarefa de colocar regras para o comportamento prático do homem e a tarefa de eliminar as desigualdades seria da política e da arte enquanto na tecnologia residia o futuro econômico da sociedade.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> sendo um dos fatores fomentadores da Revolução Francesa.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Nome dado por Voltaire aos Doutores Teológicos os Escolásticos da Idade Média.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> 1717-1783 Jean Le Rond d’Alembert. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">D'Alembert estudou</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">teologia</span></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">no</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Collège des Quatre Nations</span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e formou-se em </span></span></span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Direito</span></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">,</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> depois descobriu a sua vocação para a</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.e-escola.pt/canal.asp?canal=4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Matemática</span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e </span></span><a href="http://www.e-escola.pt/canal.asp?canal=2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Física</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e fez importantes contribuições às pesquisas nos campos de mecânica e astronomia. Foi membro da </span></span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Académie des Sciences</span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">e da</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Académie Française</span></span></em><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, de que foi eleito secretário perpétuo em 1752. Foi amigo e correspondia regularmente com renomados iluministas como Voltaire e Rousseau</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> A publicação da Enciclopédia foi um importante passo na preparação ideológica para a Revolução Francesa</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Sinônimo do ser humano.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1712-1778) Jean-Jaques Rousseau – Nasceu em Genebra, Suíça e morreu na Ermeoville, França. Embora Suíço, sua filosofia influenciou a revolução francesa. Após perder os pais estudou numa rigorosa escola onde desenvolveu grande interesse na literatura a na música. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Ainda jovem foi morar em Paris teve contatos com a elite intelectual da cidade. Ao convite do Diderot escreveu alguns verbetes para a Enciclopédia. Em 1762 suas obras foram consideradas uma afronta aos costumes morais e religiosos, ele começou a ser perseguida na França. Foi primeiramente para Neuchâtel, Suíça e em 1765, convidado por David Hume, foi morar na Inglaterra, voltando à França em 1767. Escreveu, além de estudos políticos incluindo sua obra principal </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Do Contrato Social,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> romances e ensaios sobre educação, religião e literatura.</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/rousseau.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/rousseau.htm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20Moderna.doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> 1781 – Ver III.6</span></span></p> </div></div>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-54409453106209283152009-06-04T21:10:00.005-03:002009-06-07T11:29:06.698-03:00Razão - Idealista ou Empírica!<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">RESUMO</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Português:</span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Analise e comparação de elementos da “Teoria do Conhecimento” apresentados nas obras dos filósofos René Descartes e David Hume.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Palavras-chave: Descartes, Hume, conhecimento, razão, sensação.</span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ABSTRACT</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">English:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Analysis and comparison of elements contained in the Theory of Knowledge as presented in the writings of philosophers René Descartes and David Hume.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Keywords</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">: Descartes, Hume, knowledge, reason, sensory fact.</span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;line-height: 150%; "><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 31px; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">SUMÁRIO</span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: justify;line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_Toc231912129"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Introdução:</span></span></b></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_Toc231912134"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2. Racionalismo </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a priori</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (idealista).</span></span></span></b><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc231912134 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">6</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200330031003900310032003100330034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_Toc231912143"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3. Racionalismo </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a posteriori </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">(empírico)</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></i></span></b><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc231912143 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">7</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200330031003900310032003100340033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_Toc231912153"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4. Conclusão:</span></span></span></b><span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc231912153 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">8</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200330031003900310032003100350033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_Toc231912158"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Referências Bibliográficas</span></span></span></b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">:</span></span></span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc231912158 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">9</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200330031003900310032003100350038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';font-family:Arial';"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912129"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span></span></b></a><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Introdução:</span></span></b></span></o:p></span></p></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><b><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; "><a name="_Toc227821777"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O início do período moderno, a separação entre o sagrado e o secular, é marcado pelo pensamento do filósofo francês René Descartes</span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> que, ao apresentar sua teoria do conhecimento centrado na capacidade humana de raciocinar e, como ele afirma no Discurso do Método por causa “da certeza e da evidência de suas razões”, alcançar logicamente (matematicamente) às respostas necessárias para compreender o mundo.</span></span></span></span></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc231912131"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><a name="_Toc227827000"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc227821778"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">David Hume</span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> separado de Descartes por mais de um século lançou uma teoria contrastante à do seu precursor. Para ele a razão, fonte do conhecimento humano, está limitada à experiência humana, ou seja, o homem é capaz de compreender somente aquilo se evidência empiricamente - “quando analisamos nossos pensamentos ou ideias, por mais complexos ou grandiosos que sejam, sempre verificamos que eles se descompõem em ideias simples copiadas de alguma sensação ou sentimento precedente” </span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc227821779"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O presente texto pretende uma comparação e análise de elementos das teorias desses dois filósofos que buscaram as fontes do conhecimento humano sem recorrer à ação divina e ao mistério, tão presentes na Filosofia Antiga e Medieval, para explicar os limites do mesmo.</span></span></span></a></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc227821781"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Racionalismo</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span><em><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a priori</span></span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">(idealista)</span></span></span></span></span></b></a><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></span></b></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912135"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">René Descartes, considerado o pai do racionalismo, rompe com o pensamento medieval e apresenta sua teoria do conhecimento e desenvolve seu </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Método</span></span></i></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[4]</span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> baseado exclusivamente na capacidade racional do ser humano.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912136"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">As regras básicas do método são:</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912137"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1. </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Evidência</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - Só pode ser aceito como verdadeiro aquilo que é tão claro que não pode ser duvidado. Para chegar à definição de verdade tudo tem que ser submetido à dúvida, Descartes não considera o processo uma imitação dos céticos</span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> “que duvidam só por duvidar e fingem ser sempre indecisos” </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, é dúvida radical e construtivo com o propósito de eliminar o falso e o engano (o gênio maligno) para revelar apenas a verdade .</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912138"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2. Tudo deve ser sujeito à </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">análise</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, ou seja, dividido em partes para elucidar os fatos e solucionar os problemas.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912139"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3. </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Síntese</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> - O pensamento deve ser ordenado e “iniciando pelos objetos mais simples e mais fáceis de conhecer” </span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> até chegar ao conhecimento mais complexo. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912140"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4. A última regra é a </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">enumeração</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, uma revisão racional, repetida várias vezes se necessário for, até tiver “a certeza de nada omitir” </span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912141"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Ao aplicar o método e sujeitar tudo à dúvida, o ponto culminante para Descartes é o entendimento que a capacidade de pensar (raciocinar) é a única prova confiável de sua própria existência (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">cogito, ergo sum)</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, o corpo sendo meramente uma extensão mecânica, “Descartes acentua o ‘sou’. O fato de pensar me permite concluir que sou um </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ser</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, uma substância (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">res cogitans),</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> uma realidade que pensa.” </span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912142"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">logo em seguida, percebi que, ao mesmo tempo que eu queria pensar que fosse alguma coisa. E, ao notar que esta verdade: </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">eu penso, logo existo, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">era tão sólida e tão correta que [...] julguei que podia considerá-la, sem escrúpulo algum, o primeiro princípio da filosofia que eu procurava.</span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912143"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Racionalismo</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></span><em><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a posteriori</span></span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">(empírico)</span></span></span></span><em><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></span></em></span></b></a></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912145"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">O Empirismo vincula a possibilidade do conhecimento exclusivamente à experiência rejeitando qualquer conceito de conhecimento </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a priori </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ou adquirido unicamente pelo uso da razão. Nesse contexto entende-se a experiência como “os conteúdos sensoriais da consciência ou como qualquer coisa que se exprime numa determinada classe designada de afirmações cuja verdade possa ser verificada pelo uso dos sentidos” (BLACKBURN – p.115).</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912146"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Na época da Revolução Inglesa no século XVII, David Hume, “o primeiro empirista moderno a rejeitar a ajuda tanto dos princípios </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">a priori </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">do raciocínio como de qualquer ideologia que garanta a harmonia entre as nossas percepções e o mundo” (BLACKBURN – p188), enunciou a base de sua teoria de conhecimento.</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912147"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">quando analisamos nossos pensamentos ou ideias, por mais complexos ou grandiosos que sejam, sempre verificamos que eles se descompõem em ideias simples copiadas de alguma sensação ou sentimento precedente</span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912148"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Hume, muitas vezes considerado entre os céticos, afirma que o homem é incapaz de ultrapassar a experiência do momento e conhecer a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Causa</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">, apresenta sua teoria de conhecimento dentro os seguintes parâmetros:</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912149"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1. A razão é arbitraria “se guiado somente pela razão, sem a experiência, a relação de causa e efeito se torna arbitraria, sem evidência” (UMESP – p44)</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height: 150%;mso-outline-level:1"><a name="_Toc231912150"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2. Os fundamentos do conhecimento são impressões e ideias. A </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">impressão</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> é a percepção que traz a convicção de uma realidade objetiva, enquanto a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ideia,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> derivada da impressão e mais fraco. São ligadas pela inclinação de recordar uma a outra permitindo a ligação entre a impressão atual e impressões obtidas no passado através da </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">lei de associação de ideias</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">.</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height: 150%;mso-outline-level:1"><a name="_Toc231912151"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3. As impressões sucedem uma à outra com regularidade, constituindo o </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">hábito</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> que cria a expectativa de repetição, “o habito é o fundamento que permite a operacionalização da experiência” (UMESP p44).</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height: 150%;mso-outline-level:1"><a name="_Toc231912152"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4. A certeza absoluta é admitida em apenas duas instâncias, em </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">fatos, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ou seja, coisas que pela experiência sabemos que não podem ser concebidas de outra maneira – Ex. 2 + 2 = 4 e, o relacionamento entre as ideias, que é tão constante quanto às próprias ideias.</span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912153"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> 4. Conclusão:</span></span></o:p></span></b></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc231912154"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Embora, tanto Descartes como Hume, considere a mente como </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">sede </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">do conhecimento, os dois filósofos modernos diferem radicalmente no que diz respeito às </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">regras do jogo </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">para alcançá-lo. O pensamento cartesiano é objetivo, analítico e externo, enquanto o empirismo é subjetivo e introspectivo.</span></span></o:p></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912155"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Descartes considera a </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">evidência</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> a própria verdade racional enquanto Hume a percebe como a experiência derivada da associação de ideias pela semelhança, pelo conjunto das ideias ou pelo causa e efeito. Hume limita o conhecimento à capacidade do homem de experimentar o mundo através de sensações, ele demonstra que um homem cego é incapaz de ter noção de cor, e afirma que até as coisas mais complexas são resultado de alguma </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">sensação.</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Descartes afirma que a </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">análise</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e a </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">enumeração</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> detalhada proporcionam o homem a oportunidade de conhecer aquilo que nunca experimentou sensorialmente e de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">criar </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> novas ideias.</span></span></span></a></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><a name="_Toc231912156"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">A diferença entre Descartes (racionalista) e Hume (empirista) que se destaca é a conceituação da </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">causalidade</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Enquanto para Descartes “a causalidade é uma relação real e necessária, apreensível pela faculdade racional humana” </span></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> para Hume é apenas “uma sucessão de fatos no tempo, já que a relação de causa e efeito entre fenômenos não pode ser comprovada, mas apenas consagrada pelo costume” </span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> e, portanto, inapreensível.</span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span><b><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:14.0pt;"><br /><a name="_Toc231912158"></a><a name="_Toc231912157"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Referências Bibliográficas</span></a></span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">:</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt 36.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">1.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">ABBAGNANO, Nicola - </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dicionário de Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Editora Martins Fontes – 5ª ed. 2007.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">AUDI, Robert - </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dicionário de Filosofia de Cambridge</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – PAULUS 2006 - 2ª edição.</span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">3.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">BARAQUIN e LAFFITTE - </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dicionário Universitário dos Filósofos </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">– 1ª ed. 2007 – Editora Martins Fontes.</span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">4.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">BLACKBURN, Simon - </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Dicionário</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Oxford de Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Tradução da 1ª edição inglesa - Oxford University Press 1994 – Editor – JZE - ed. brasileira 1997.</span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">5.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">CHAUÍ, Marilena </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Convite à Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> –Editora Ática -13ª ed. 2006.</span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">6.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">DESCARTES, René</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Discurso do Método – </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os Pensadores – São Paulo – Editora Nova Cultura Ltda. 1999.</span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">7.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">HUME, David – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Ensaio Sobre o Entendimento Humano </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">– Versão Eletrônico – Tradução Anoar, Alex – Créditos de digitalização: Membros do grupo de discussão Acrópolis (Filosofia) – disponível em </span></span><a href="http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/DetalheObraForm.do?select_action=&co_obra=2258"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/DetalheObraForm.do?select_action=&co_obra=2258</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – Acesso em 14/04/2009.</span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">8.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">PANSARELLI, Daniel et. al – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Metafísica, Epistemologia e Linguagem</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> – São Bernardo do Campo, UMESP – 2009.</span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">9.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Enciclopédia de Filosofia – </span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">disponível em </span></span><a href="http://encfil.goldeye.info/causalidade.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://encfil.goldeye.info/causalidade.htm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Acesso em 19/04/2009</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">10.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Mundo dos Filósofos –</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> disponível em: </span></span><a href="http://www.mundodosfilosofos.com.br/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">http://www.mundodosfilosofos.com.br</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. Acesso em 19/04/2009</span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span></o:p></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1596-1650) Filho de um conselheiro do parlamento da Bretanha, nasceu em La Haye, Tourraine. René Descartes foi criado pela avó materna devido à morte de sua mãe quando ainda era criança. Aos 10 anos de idade foi estudar no Colégio Jesuíta de La Fleche, um dos mais célebres colégios da época. Encanto-se com a matemática e decepcionou-se com o ensino das demais matérias incluindo a Filosofia. Licenciado em Direto (1616) iniciou uma carreira militar, através de uma série de sonhos descobre sua vocação intelectual e o projeto de desenvolver uma nova ciência fundada na razão. Terminado a carreira militar após passar tempo em Paris , instala se na Holanda em 1628 onde permaneceu durante 20 anos. Em 1648 retorna à França e logo em seguida para a Holanda onde enfrenta os defensores do Calvinismo. Aceita posição como tutor da Rainha Cristina da Suécia e morre em Estocolmo vitima de uma pneumonia. Obras principais – Discurso do Método (1637) Meditações (1641) Princípios da Filosofia (1644), As Paixões da Alma (1649).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> (1711-1776). Nasceu e completou seus estudos em Edimburgo, Escócia. Preferiu uma carreira em Letras e Filosofia a ser advogado. Hume, como Descartes no século anterior, estuda no colégio de La Fleche e lá redige seu Tratado da Natureza Humana, publicado em Londres em 1739. Ateu é negado uma cátedra de filosofia em Glasgow devido à hostilidade do clero, mas, aceita ser o conservador de uma biblioteca universitária onde continua seus estudos e produção. Após um período como diplomata em Paris retorna à Escócia onde morre em agosto de 1776. Obras incluem Tratado da Natureza Humana (1739), Investigação sobre o entendimento humano (1748) e Diálogos sobre a religião natural (1779).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Citação extraída da apresentação da tele aula do Prof. Frederico Pieper, dia 14.04.2009 – UMESP Filosofia EAD (HUME – Investigações sobre o entendimento humano. seção I, §6)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Método Cartesiano</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Os céticos afirmam que o conhecimento é impossível</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Os Pensadores – Descartes – p.58</span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Idem – p. 49</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Idem. p. 50</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Prof Fred Pieper – UMESP p.38</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Os Pensadores – Descartes – p.62</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Hume, David - Investigações Sobre o Entendimento Humano. Seção 1 §6</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> Enciclopédia de Filosofia – Causalidade §5</span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Descartes-e-Hume.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> idem.</span></span></p> </div></div>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-50586205846357277912009-05-07T19:18:00.005-03:002009-05-07T20:09:03.725-03:00A Ética - Uma Metamorfose Ambulante!<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;line-height: 150%; "><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Resumo</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;line-height: 150%; "><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A caminhada metamórfica da Ética da posição de reflexão subjetiva ao protagonista em ao Moral e o preferência para a metamorfose expressa na música de Raul Seixas.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Palavras-chave: Ética, moral, metamorfose, corpo, habitar.</span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">SUMÁRIO</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_Toc211023339"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Introdução:</span></span></span></b></a></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="line-height:200%;tab-stops:right dotted 453.05pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_Toc211023340"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. A preferência pela metamorfose!</span></span><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline: nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc211023340 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">6</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310031003000320033003300340030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="line-height:200%;tab-stops:right dotted 453.05pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_Toc211023341"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">O fim da velha opinião!</span></span><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration: none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc211023341 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">7</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310031003000320033003300340031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" style="line-height:200%;tab-stops:right dotted 453.05pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_Toc211023342"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. A Metamorfose tem limites?</span></span><span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc211023342 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">8</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310031003000320033003300340032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0cm;line-height:200%;tab-stops:right dotted 453.05pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_Toc211023343"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Conclusão:</span></span></b><span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc211023343 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">8</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310031003000320033003300340033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';font-family:Arial';"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "><a name="_Toc211023339"><b><span lang="EN-US" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Introdução:</span></span></span></b></a></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Nas últimas décadas do século XX, a sociedade passou por transformações inimagináveis. A década de sessenta, marcada campanha do “Ban the Bomb” pela mini-saia e pela liberdade sexual, foi apenas o começo. Movimentos de protesto desafiaram, como nunca antes, os velhos padrões, obrigando uma nova atitude frente aos problemas do mundo.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Irene Pinto Pardelha</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> afirma que filosofo contemporâneo Maurice Merleau-Ponty</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> vê a necessidade de uma nova filosofia: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Uma filosofia que assuma o papel expressivo e antepredicativo da percepção na busca de uma verdade que, de forma alguma, se esgota no trabalho de objectivação de uma consciência que renuncia ao corpo e ao mundo em vista de um conhecimento </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">claro e distinto</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> das coisas.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent: 28.2pt"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A noção de percepção em Merleau-Ponty pretende fugir tanto ao desejo [...]que ignora o corpo em proveito da capacidade de decisão de um sujeito acósmico, que habitaria um tempo e um espaço abstractos,[...] como ao esforço empirista que a reduziria a um estado meramente neuro-fisiológico, [...] passivo face às influências activas de um mundo orgânico ...</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Homem de sua geração, Raul Seixas</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> expressa em canção o ensejo de mudança e o descontentamento com o “</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">status quo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">” ao dizer:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">“Prefiro ser uma metamorfose ambulante do que ter aquela velha opinião formada sobre tudo.”</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Contra o pano de fundo da sociedade em transformação examinemos paralelos entre a letra dessa música e o conceito de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Corpo-Próprio</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[4]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> no pensamento do Merleau-Ponty e um possível limite de ser uma Metamorfose Ambulante.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <h1><a name="_Toc211023340"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. A preferência pela metamorfose!</span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">No dicionário se encontra, entre outras, as seguintes definições de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">metamorfose</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">: “Transformação de um ser em outro [...] mudança notável na fortuna, no estado, no caráter de uma pessoa”. Porém, estamos mais familiares com a aplicação desse termo em relação ao mundo animal, quem é que não lembra os esforços da professora a ensinar esse “palavrão” ao falar da transformação da larva em pupa, da pupa em linda borboleta? Graças a esse esforço, entendemos o conceito e o processo de metamorfose, compreendemos que embora tenham aparência e formato diferentes a larva, a pupa e a borboleta mantêm a mesma “essência”.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Raul Seixas, e seus contemporâneos ensejavam pela </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">transformação</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">, pela </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">mudança notável</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">, na essência da sociedade, uma metamorfose tão radical como a proposta na figura abaixo:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); line-height: normal; "><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LFn_GoNX_T4/SgNoyKiroOI/AAAAAAAAAT8/c30Jqd_h8iA/s320/445438825_27381a5259.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333221594769367266" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 67px; " /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); line-height: normal; "><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LFn_GoNX_T4/SgNoyOwrnQI/AAAAAAAAAUE/Bwg_2V0zbKg/s320/445438827_ddeee3ddf5.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5333221595901828354" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 67px; " /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Figura 1 </span></span><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><a href="http://ogindungo.blogspot.com/2007/04/metamorforse.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Metamorforse</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; "><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Fonte: </span></span><a href="http://ogindungo.blogspot.com/2007/04/metamorforse.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://ogindungo.blogspot.com/2007/04/metamorforse.html</span></span></a></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Merleau-Ponty ao desenvolver o conceito do </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Corpo-Próprio</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> demonstra que a </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Ética</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> passou por uma verdadeira metamorfose, uma transformação de essência, ao deixar de lado a postura reflexiva em relação à moral para ser protagonista na formação da </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">moral</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> que regra a vida da sociedade.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; "><a name="_Toc211023341"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; "><a name="_Toc211023341"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. </span></span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">O fim da velha opinião!</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Enquanto </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">a Moral</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[5]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> estabelece as normas de comportamento da sociedade o lugar tradicional da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Ética</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[6]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> no pensamento filosófico é a da reflexão subjetiva, uma análise dos efeitos da moral sem se quer tentar modificá-lo. Merleau-Ponty desafia o mundo filosófico a encarar uma metamorfose. O conceito do </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Corpo-próprio</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> propõe uma </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Ética</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> que antecede a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Moral</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> que a estabelece, que não tem medo de se repensar no ritmo das mudanças na sociedade e oferecer uma nova moral para responder a cada situação. É uma não aceitação das velhas opiniões, dos velhos conceitos da velha maneira de encarar as coisas. Da mesma maneira que a larva se transforma em borboleta a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Moral</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> surge da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Ética</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">, cada metamorfose um novo jeito de “habitar” de ser “Corpo”, de se expressar no mundo. Oneide Alves Martins afirma que: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A noção de corpo próprio concebido por Merleau-Ponty torna possível compreender o corpo não como um mero organismo cujas funções podem ser explicadas por leis causais, mas como corpo sujeito, sendo ao mesmo tempo sujeito pensante e sujeito corporal, constituindo o paradoxo do ser no mundo</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Raul Seixas a se ver livre para “viver” como </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">metamorfose ambulante,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> sem medo das reações da sociedade e capaz de ter outras opiniões “sobre o que é o amor sobre o que eu nem sei quem sou” questionava e propôs mudanças a conceitos filosóficos milenares, formadas por pensadores como Platão. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; "><a name="_Toc211023342"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. A Metamorfose tem limites?</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Raul Seixas canta: “Eu prefiro ser uma metamorfose ambulante [...] Eu quero dizer agora o oposto do que eu disse antes”. Proferidos por um candidato eleito a cargo público, para defender uma mudança de ideologia, essas palavras tomam outro significado, pelo menos na opinião da imprensa!</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span lang="PT" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Leonencio Nossa - Agencia Estado:</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span lang="PT" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">BRASÍLIA - O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva fez nesta quarta-feira, 5, um mea-culpa sobre a CPMF e disse ser uma "metamorfose ambulante" e não ter medo de mudar de opinião. Lula lembrou que no debate de criação da CPMF, em governos passados, chegou a vir a Brasília para convencer parlamentares petistas a não votarem a favor do imposto. "Prefiro ser uma metamorfose ambulante. Mudar como as coisas mudam", disse, citando letra de música do compositor Raul Seixas. "Não tenho a dureza do manifesto de um partido comunista ortodoxo", completou. </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="credito1" style="margin-left:4.0cm"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Lucas Figueiredo:</span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="olho1" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Cinco anos depois de assumir pela primeira vez a presidência da República, Lula e o PT mudaram. E não foi para melhor.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Lula, no entanto, não se avexa. Afinal, como ele mesmo explicou, é uma metamorfose ambulante. Pobre Raul Seixas, deve ter se revirado na tumba ao ver sua música ser usada para justificar a transformação de um homem bom e honesto em político omisso e conivente com um certo tipo de bandalheira que desonra o país há 500 anos. Mas Raulzito sempre soube também o que o ouro de tolo faz com os fracos.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 24px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Paira então a pergunta - Será que há limites às mudanças, as metamorfoses, que podem acontecer antes de tamanha descaracterização de pensamento obriga o </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">objeto </span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">que passou pela mudança a aceitar ter se incorporado numa nova ideologia, em vez de ter passado por simples mudança de comportamento (</span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">moral)</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> dentro de uma ética (Corpo-próprio) existente?</span></span></span></span></span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Cabe a reflexão filosófica a tarefa de definir o seguinte: Se quando a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">metamorfose</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> resulta na adoção de uma nova ética em oposição direta à posição anterior, e, portanto, implicar em mudança de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">morada (Corpo Próprio), </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">o comportamento</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> (moral) </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">correspondente não deveria ser a mudança de endereço de fato e a notificação apropriada para assegurar a chegada de correspondência! </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 2"><a name="_Toc211023343"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Conclusão:</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A insegurança em relação ao futuro, provocada pela 2ª Guerra mundial, o holocausto, a guerra fria e a guerra de Vietnã desencadearam o questionamento dos anos sessenta. </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A aceitação cega das “velhas opiniões” deu lugar a uma busca para um jeito melhor, mais justo, de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">habitar</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> na sociedade humana.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">O movimento das “</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">metamorfoses</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">ambulantes</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">” que começou como o grito da juventude de uma geração continua no esforço de homens e mulheres dispostos a defender aos que continuam a sofrer preconceito e são tratados de forma injusta pela sociedade motivada pelo consumismo e interesse próprio.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">A verdadeira transformação na sociedade acontece graças aos pensadores, artistas, políticos e cidadãos comuns que tem a coragem de serem </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">metamorfoses ambulantes, desafiar </span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">o “</span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">status quo</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">” e caminhar juntos de forma solidária para mudar a realidade injusta vivenciada por tantas pessoas.</span></span></span></span></span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:arial;font-size:13px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Bibliografia:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">FERREIRA, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda - </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">O Dicionário da Língua</span></span></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Portuguesa</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> – 3ª ed. 1999 - Novo Aurélio Século XXI. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">FIGUEIREDO, Lucas - </span></span><b><span style="mso-font-kerning:18.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Metamorfose Ambulante </span></span></span></b></span></span><span style=""><a href="http://www.rollingstone.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/1580/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://www.rollingstone.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/1580/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Acesso em 04/10/2008</span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">LALANDE, André – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Vocabulário Técnico e Crítico da Filosofia</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> – São Paulo, Editora Martins Fontes 3ªed.1999.</span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="PT" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">LEONENCIO NOSSA - Agencia Estado</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style=""><a href="http://www.estadao.com.br/nacional/not_nac90920,0.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://www.estadao.com.br/nacional/not_nac90920,0.htm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> – Acesso em 04/10/2008 </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">5.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">MARTINS, Oneide Alves – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Merleau-Ponty – Corpo e Linguagem</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> a fala como modalidade de expressão – Universidade São Judas Tadeu - SP - 2006</span></span><a href="http://www.usjt.br/biblioteca/mono_disser/mono_diss/011.pdf%20-%20Acesso%20em%2005/10/2008" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></a><a href="http://www.usjt.br/biblioteca/mono_disser/mono_diss/011.pdf%20-%20Acesso%20em%2005/10/2008"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://www.usjt.br/biblioteca/mono_disser/mono_diss/011.pdf - Acesso em 05/10/2008</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">6.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">PARDELHA, Irene Pinto – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Percepção </span></span><st1:personname productid="em Maurice Merleau-Ponty" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">em Maurice Merleau-Ponty</span></span></st1:personname></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> - (Bolseira de Investigação FCT/FSE). </span></span></span></span><span style=""><a href="http://filosofiadaarte.no.sapo.pt/percepcaomp.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://filosofiadaarte.no.sapo.pt/percepcaomp.htm.</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Acesso em 04/10/2008 </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.7pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">7.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">SEIXAS, Raul – </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Metamorfose Ambulante</span></span></b><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style=""><a href="http://letras.terra.com.br/raul-seixas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://letras.terra.com.br/raul-seixas</span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count:1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span style=""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Acesso em 04/10/2008</span></span></span></span></span></p><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> _______________________________</span></span></o:p></span></p><div style="mso-element:footnote-list"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Percepção </span></span><st1:personname productid="em Maurice Merleau-Ponty" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">em Maurice Merleau-Ponty</span></span></st1:personname><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> por Irene Pinto Pardelha (Bolseira de Investigação FCT/FSE)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice (1908-1961) Filosofo Francês formado em Filosofia pelo ENS, lecionou nos liceus de Beauvais e Chartes e foi professor no ENS. Participou da resistência a Nazismo e em 1952 assumiu a Cátedra de L. Lavelle, sucessor de Bergson no Collège de France. Conhecido por ser filosofo mais representante da fenomenologia.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Raul Santos Seixas (1945-1989) Cantor e compositor e ator brasileiro nascido em Salvador, Bahia que foi pioneiro no desenvolvimento do “rock and roll” nacional.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> Corpo – Todo objeto material constituído pela nossa percepção, quer dizer, todo grupo de qualidades que representamos como estável, independente de nós e situado no espaço. LALANDE. Corpo-próprio - hábito primordial a partir do qual construímos outros hábitos. </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> éthos – valores morais, um código de comportamento para a sociedade.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> êthos – moradia – caráter, índole natural.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Corpo e Linguagem a fala como modalidade de expressão – Universidade São Judas Tadeu - SP - 2006</span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.estadao.com.br/nacional/not_nac90920,0.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://www.estadao.com.br/nacional/not_nac90920,0.htm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Metamorfose.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.rollingstone.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/1580/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">http://www.rollingstone.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/1580/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style=""><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> </div></div>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-32413603539087441992009-04-19T00:23:00.002-03:002009-04-19T00:28:07.164-03:00Filosofia e Religião<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">RESUMO</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Uma breve exploração da relação entre a Filosofia e a Religião, em particular os conceitos de Heidegger.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Palavras-chave</span></span></span></b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: Filosofia, teologia, religião, Deus, onto-teo-logia.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><o:p><a name="_Toc225615446"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Introdução:</span></span></span></b></a></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A relação histórica entre a filosofia e a religião é conturbada. No presente texto apresento uma breve exploração dessa relação culminando no pensamento heideggiano que trouxe uma nova interpretação propondo uma </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fusão onto-teo-logica </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">marcando a superação da metafísica tradicional, histórica. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Filosofia, o pensar racional do mundo, nasceu do afastamento das academias gregas da crença nos deuses mitológicos. A busca de entender o mundo pela razão sem o recurso do </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">misterioso</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> e a possibilidade de designar o inexplicável à </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">vontade dos deuses</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> marcou o início de um diálogo, que por vezes transformou se em </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">guerra</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">acirrada</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, entre a fé e a razão!</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Desde a antiguidade o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pendulo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> do pensamento filosófico, ora destaca a religiosidade (teísmo) ora o secularismo (ateísmo), em cada era ele reflete a caminhada do homem na busca pelo conhecimento de si mesmo e do mundo em que vive, e incluído nessa caminhada é a busca do homem para um Deus, qualquer que seja seu nome.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc225615447"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1. </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Um breve panorâmico histórico</span></span></span></b></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc225615447"></span></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A pesar da critica</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dos </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">deuses,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> o conceito de um Deus (um </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ser supremo </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">e</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">transcendental) está presente na filosofia antiga, notavelmente no pensamento aristotélico. Na obra Metafísica, o filósofo desenvolve o pensamento a cerca do primeiro motor, para ele “o motor imóvel, quer dizer, Deus, ou o ato puro que é a causa de toda mudança e de todo devir no mundo, mas sem estar ele próprio sujeito à mudança” (Metafísica III, 8) </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">O pensamento da Idade Média é marcado pelo surgimento dos “monoteísmos e encontro com a filosofia grega” </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. A Europa ocidental, onde o cristianismo dominou desde os dias do império romano, foi o palco do diálogo entre a teologia e a filosofia marcado pelo neo-platoniso, a filosofia sendo considerada pelos Padres da Igreja como a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">serva</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> da teologia.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Esse encontro resultou numa verdadeira </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fusão </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">entre a filosofia e a teologia cristã, sacramentada nas obras das Escolásticas, principalmente São Tomas de Aquino. O Ser Supremo de Aristóteles tomou a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">roupagem</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> do Deus do cristianismo.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A modernidade foi marcada pela secularização e um novo distanciamento entre pensamento filosófico e a teologia. A razão e a fé mais uma vez ocuparam espaços distintos e o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Deus</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> da filosofia não é mais o Deus divino, objeto de adoração de culto do cristianismo, judaísmo ou islamismo, “é a causa como </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">causa sui. </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[...] A este Deus não pode o homem nem rezar nem sacrificar.” (Os Pensadores – Heidegger – 1999, p.199).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level:1;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><a name="_Toc225615448"><b><span style=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Uma nova metafísica!</span></span></span></b></span></a><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hegel faz uma afirmação sobre a relação entre a Filosofia e a Religião capaz de fazer os filósofos modernos </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">virarem em seus túmulos,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ele chega a declarar que a filosofia e a teologia são a mesma coisa, ele considera a filosofia como “teologia racional” – “Deus é o princípio de todas as coisas e o fim de todas as coisas; (tudo) inicia em Deus e retorna para Deus. Deus é um e o único objeto da filosofia [...] Assim, filosofia é teologia”.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">O desenvolvimento do conceito da aproximação da filosofia e teologia é encontrado no pensamento do Heidegger.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">De acordo com Heidegger, a filosofia e a religião em comum com as artes, buscam por caminhos diferentes “as causas últimas” </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, ou seja, tem a mesma finalidade.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A filosofia, como a arte e a religião, é afazer humano-além humano de primeira e última importância. [...] a filosofia situa-se necessariamente no esplendor da beleza e no liminar do sagrado (Heidegger- 1930).</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Na primeira etapa de sua vida profissional, principalmente no livro “Ser e Tempo” Heidegger aparenta ateísmo, no segundo período o conceito é outro, como enuncia Reginaldo José dos Santos Júnior.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent: 35.45pt;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Se a leitura de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ser e Tempo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> possibilitava uma interpretação de Heidegger como um ateu, ou como indiferente à questão de Deus, neste segundo período as suas obras possibilitam outra interpretação. Nesses textos, parece ser possível afirmar que Heidegger não nega a existência de Deus, nem tampouco lhe é indiferente. (p.2)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Heidegger de fato entende que o pensamento filosófico desde Platão nada mais é de que uma onto-teo-logia a busca pelo Deus, o fundamento de todas as coisas, seja esse Deus o primeiro motor imóvel de Aristóteles, a </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">causa sui</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> do Kant ou até os humanistas em cujo pensamento o ser humano toma o lugar de Deus. O pensamento heideggiano afasta da filosofia o Deus cristão que dominava a filosofia na Idade Medieval e moral cristã que permeavam o pensamento filosófico da modernidade, mesmo nas obras de filósofos que negavam e propõe um retorno à busca pelo “ser”. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc225615449"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Conclusão:</span></span></span></b></a><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Conturbada, colorida e viva a relação entre a Filosofia e a Religião oscila entre o amor e o ódio, o respeito e desprezo, cada época determinando a natureza do “Deus”, cada geração na busca da “causa última” para dar sentido à vida.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><a name="_Toc225615450"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Referências Bibliográficas</span></span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc225615450"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">:</span></span></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">HEIDEGGER, Martin – </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Ser e Tempo</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">LALANDE, André – </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Vocabulário Técnico e Crítico da Filosofia</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – São Paulo, Editora Martins Fontes 3ªed.1999.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Os Pensadores – Heidegger – </span></span></b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">São Paulo, Editora Nova Cultural Ltda, 1999.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">SANTOS, José (Júnior)</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> - Deus na Filosofia de Heidegger –</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> disponível em </span><a href="http://www.revistatheos.com.br/Artigos%20Anteriores/Artigo_01_02.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">www.revistatheos.com.br/Artigos%20Anteriores/Artigo_01_02.pdf</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Metafísica, Epistemologia e Linguagem</span></span></b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – Frederico Pieper – Heidegger e o “primeiro início” da filosofia– São Bernardo do Campo, UMESP – 2009.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; ">Notas:</span><br /></p><div style="mso-element:footnote-list"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> LALANDE p.707.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Tele-aula Prof. Frederico Pieper – 24/02/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Tele-aula Prof. Frederico Pieper – 24/02/2009</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Idem.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/Filosofia%20e%20Religi%C3%A3o.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> SANTOS – Deus na Filosofia de Heidegger</span></span></span></p> </div></div>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6068228022274262069.post-27288326732416825982009-04-18T20:08:00.009-03:002009-04-19T00:35:15.465-03:00Política e Ética<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"></p><blockquote></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px;font-family:arial;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style=" line-height:150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">RESUMO</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Uma avaliação da união entre ética e política na Antigüidade e seu distanciamento nos tempos modernos através de uma investigação do pensamento Aristotélico acerca da razão, a ética e a política e a relação entre as mesmas na busca da felicidade, bem como a relação entre razão e moral no pensamento modernista.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Palavras-chave</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">: </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ética, política, razão, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, moral, Aristóteles, Kant.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619756"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619518"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619049"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211618964"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211609545"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc211609396"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609545"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618964"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619049"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619518"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619756"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 2"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609396"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609545"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618964"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619049"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619518"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619756"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">INTRODUÇÃO:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Desde as primeiras tentativas à elaboração de teorias da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">política</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, arraigadas na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Democracia Ateniense,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> o homem pelo uso da razão, tem desenvolvido as regras para a vida na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, ou seja, na sociedade da qual faz parte. O estudo da relação, às vezes tempestuosa, entre a ética e a política desde a Antigüidade até os tempos modernos é uma viagem fascinante que passa pelo estabelecimento e quebra de paradigmas em cada geração. Numa breve reflexão sobre a aproximação e o afastamento que caracterizam essa relação, o presente texto examina apenas dois aspectos desse trajeto.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619757"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619519"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619050"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211618965"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211609546"></a></span><a name="_Toc211609397"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609546"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618965"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619050"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619519"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619757"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">1. A RELAÇÃO ENTRE RAZÃO, ÉTICA E POLÍTICA EM ARISTÓTELES<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Para compreender a relação entre razão, ética e política na Antigüidade e as implicações dessa relação, é necessário contextualizar os componentes. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Seguem definições colhidas de diversas fontes:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">v</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Razão</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">logós</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">) – Considerado por Descartes a faculdade “de julgar de forma correta” (</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Discurso do</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Método</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, p.1), pelas finalidades da presente investigação define-se como:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-Courier New"font-family:";"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Razão prática – “a capacidade de argumentação ou inferência demonstrativa considerada na sua aplicação à tarefa de prescrever e escolher comportamento”. </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:";"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Razão teórica – “a faculdade relacionada com a verificação da verdade de qualquer tipo”.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">v</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ética</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">êthos/éthos</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">) – O conceito por trás da palavra moderna é baseado no duplo significado no original grego. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Êthos</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> – escrito com a letra inicial ‘</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">eta</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">’ utilizado para descrever o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">ambiente</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> no qual vive o homem, o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">modo de ser</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> no qual se sente bem e, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Éthos </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">– escrito com a letra inicial ‘</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">épsilon’ </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">sendo este o conjunto de hábitos e costumes, o comportamento habitual do homem. </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 18.0pt"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">v</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Política</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">politikós) </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">– Uma palavra que possui diversas definições ligadas à mesma finalidade, ou seja, a ordem e a vivência na cidade/cidade estado (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis)</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-Courier New"font-family:";"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">“No sentido lato e etimológico [...] a vida coletiva num grupo de homens organizados”. (LALANDE,1999, p.822.)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -18.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-Courier New"font-family:";"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">“Sistema de regras respeitantes à direção dos negócios públicos. Arte de bem governar os povos”. </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Na obra Ética a Nicômaco</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, Aristóteles (384-322aC) </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> aborda a ética</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">e a política</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">visando o caminhar em direção ao sumo bem, a felicidade. Uma linha de pensamento é traçada para estabelecer que homem, o animal racional, baseado nas conclusões alcançadas por meio da razão</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">formula sua ética pessoal, essencial para a felicidade individual e familiar. O homem</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> enquanto cidadão do </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> e</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">participante da política que norteia a vida do seu </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">habitat</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> social, da cidade, é comparte na definição e sujeito à ética coletiva que prioriza o bem comum quando surgem conflitos entre essa e sua ética pessoal. </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Oliveira e Trotta (3.1 p.42 e 44) </span></span></span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:PT-BR; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">fazem a seguinte observação:</span></span></span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Segundo o entendimento de Aristóteles, a política é ciência da felicidade humana, uma ciência prática que busca o conhecimento como meio para a ação e que se divide em ética e política. A felicidade, em seu modo de ver, significa certa maneira de viver específica do homem, ser social por natureza, destinado a desenvolver suas potencialidades na vida em sociedade. O objetivo dessa ciência é refletir sobre as formas de governo e as instituições políticas capazes de assegurar o</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">bem comum. [...] Esse pensador assinala que o cultivo da inteligência é o bem supremo, o</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">summum bonum</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, logo sua concepção ética é denominada de ética das virtudes ou ética eudemônica</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, isso porque enfatiza a busca pelo bem viver e pela felicidade, no sentido estrito de pleno desenvolvimento das disposições naturais. O homem deve desenvolver suas aptidões para alcançar o seu fim (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">télos</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">), sua perfeição, por isso que </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">eudemonia </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">e </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">télos</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">estão intrinsecamente ligados, formando uma ética imanente da felicidade terrena, portanto, política.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Aristóteles afirma que a reflexão e o pensamento (o filosofar) são insuficientes em si para assegurar a felicidade. É na prática da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">política</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> na vida cotidiana da cidade que as conclusões filosóficas da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">razão</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> e o desenvolvimento da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">ética</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> têm seu valor, mas somente quando resumidos em ações e atitudes que proporcionam todos os cidadãos a possibilidade do viver feliz. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619758"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619520"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619051"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211618966"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211609547"></a></span><a name="_Toc211609398"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609547"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618966"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619051"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619520"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619758"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">2. A RELAÇÃO ENTRE RAZÃO E MORAL NA MODERNIDADE.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Os pensadores da Racionalidade Moderna, começando com Descartes</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> quebraram os paradigmas que regulavam o pensamento filosófico até o século dezessete formando novos conceitos e novas maneiras de encarar o mundo pela ótica da razão. A famosa frase do Descartes “</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Penso, logo existo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">” declara o pensar de ser uma atividade racional, indicando assim que a humanidade entrou na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">idade da razão </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">e, portanto, tem a capacidade de encontrar as respostas dentro de si sem a necessidade de buscar o conhecimento em religião ou outras fontes externas.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">A moral (ética) estabelecida na base da razão é marca registrado da modernidade. Conforme LALANDE (1999 - p.705) Moral é uma “teoria arrazoada do bem e do mal, Ética. A palavra, neste sentido, implica sempre que a teoria em questão visa conseqüências normativas [...] ‘formei para mim uma moral provisória, que consistia apenas em três ou quatro máximas’ (DESCARTES – Discurso do Método – III.I)”.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">MARCONDES</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> (2007- p.93-95) conclui que Kant</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, “um dos mais influentes pensadores da ética no período moderno”, dentro de sua exposição da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">razão prática</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> propôs uma “ética de princípios” e que essa ética, ou moral, responde ao segundo dos quatro problemas (questões) centrais da filosofia – o que devo fazer? </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Kant estabelece as Máximas que são limitadas à vontade e às convenções do indivíduo e os imperativos que são por sua vez divididos em duas categorias:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Os “imperativos hipotéticos” – padrões que se aplicam a determinados objetivos.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 35.4pt;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ex. “estude se quiser ser bem avaliado” </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> e,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Os “imperativos categóricos”, ou seja, o dever moral, cuja fonte de força é a própria razão e que não dá espaço às exceções. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:4.0cm;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">“</span></span></span><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Trata-se, de fato de uma lei universal [...] anunciado na Crítica da Razão Prática [...] ‘age de tal forma que a máxima de tua vontade possa valer ao mesmo tempo como princípio de uma lei universal’ (1973, p 223). Segundo este imperativo, para considerarmos como moral uma determinada ação, teríamos de poder aplicá-la em qualquer circunstância,” </span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">A razão e a moral estão intrinsecamente ligadas na Modernidade, é justamente o pensamento racional que permite a formulação de uma moral objetiva desvinculada da imaginação e capaz de trazer verdadeira liberdade ao homem. O paradoxo deixado por Kant é que a sujeição à lei moral é liberdade!</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619759"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619521"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211619052"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211618967"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a name="_Toc211609548"></a></span><a name="_Toc211609399"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609548"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618967"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619052"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619521"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619759"><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">CONCLUSÃO:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">A unidade entre ética e política, tão central à filosofia da Antiguidade, foi desmontada num processo que começou com Maquiavel</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> e concretizou-se, na Modernidade, na Razão Prática de Kant.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">A ênfase da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">política </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">mudou, priorizando o poder do estado, as ditas ações “Maquiavélicas”, tomando o lugar da busca do bem comum.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">O pensamento Ético, a Moral, se distanciou de suas raízes na busca de </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">um ideal supremo e externo </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">na procura de estabelecer o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">dever moral interno</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> baseado unicamente na razão. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Aristóteles via na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ética, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">o ambiente dentro do qual o homem vive e o conjunto de suas ações, como sendo estreitamente ligada à </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Política, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">ou seja, à discussão e à vivência na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis. </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Essa ligação foi rompida na Modernidade pela mudança de foco e direção no pensamento filosófico.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Se por um lado tudo na Antigüidade levava o homem em busca do sumo bem, a felicidade no contexto do cenário político da vida na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">polis,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> o pensamento da época moderno rumou em direção oposta. Para definir essa mesma busca pela realização humana, a felicidade, o enfoque muda para, de um lado, a necessidade da existência de um estado forte com governantes poderosos e, do outro lado, para a formulação de uma ética individual que permite que o homem reja sua própria vida livre da dependência das influências externas.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619760"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619700"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619522"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619053"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc211618968"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619053"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619522"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619700"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619760"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Assim, se promoveu nessas duas épocas determinantes do pensamento filosófico, uma “</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">mudança do endereço”</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> radical no que diz respeito ao estabelecimento da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Moral</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">. O processo que foi, no pensamento Platônico e Aristotélico, a responsabilidade da comunidade como um todo, com suas raízes na </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">política</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> ou vida em comum da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">pólis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, tornou-se a responsabilidade individual, racional e, por vezes, egoísta, de cada indivíduo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">O modo de viver da Modernidade, base da sociedade na qual vivemos, tem suas raízes no conceito que cada homem deve formular sua própria </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Moral</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> (código de conduta) e alcançar a felicidade vivendo de acordo com as normas estabelecidas.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619761"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619701"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619523"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619054"></a></span></span><a name="_Toc211618969"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619054"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619523"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619701"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619761"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Na vida da </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Pólis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> idealizada na Antigüidade, em caso de conflito de interesses, o interesse do </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">bem</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> comum prevaleceria sobre o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">bem</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> do indivíduo; na Modernidade, o </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">bem</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> do individuo tem a supremacia. O pensamento racional da modernidade, vista por alguns como sendo o mais realista, marca uma vitória para o individualismo e a derrota do conceito de que a felicidade da comunidade é o bem comum e, portanto, a felicidade de todos!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619762"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619702"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619524"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211619055"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211618970"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a name="_Toc211609549"></a></span><a name="_Toc211609400"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc211609549"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618970"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc211619055"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619524"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc211619702"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619762"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609400"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211609549"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211618970"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619055"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619524"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619702"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc211619762"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ARISTÓTELES – </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Ética e Nicômaco</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – Editora Martin Claret 2007 – Tradução Pietro Nassetti</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">AUDI, Robert - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Dicionário de Filosofia de Cambridge</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – PAULUS 2006 - 2ª edição.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">BARAQUIM e LAFFITTE - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Dicionário Universitário dos Filósofos </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">– 1ª ed. 2007 – Editora Martins Fontes.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">DESCARTES, René</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – Discurso do Método </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">(Versão Eletrônico)Tradução de: Enrico Corvisieri</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="color:blue;"><a href="http://br.egroups.com/group/acropolis/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">http://br.egroups.com/group/acropolis/</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> .</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Acesso em 17.05.2008.</span></span><span style="color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Créditos da digitalização: Membros do grupo de discussão Acrópolis (Filosofia)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">FERREIRA, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">O Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – 3ª ed. 1999 - Novo Aurélio Século XXI.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">GOBRY, Ivan – </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Vocabulário Grego da Filosofia</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – São Paulo, Martins Fontes 2007. Tradução de Ivone C. Benedetti.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">LALANDE, André – </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Vocabulário Técnico e Crítico da Filosofia</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – São Paulo, Editora Martins Fontes 3ªed.1999.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">MARCONDES, Danilo – </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">TEXTOS BÁSICOS DA ÉTICA</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – De Platão a Foucault – Rio de Janeiro, Editora JZE, 2007.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">OLIVEIRA, C. M. B. e TROTTA, W. – </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">A Dimensão Política Segundo Platão e a Crítica de Aristóteles. </span></span><a href="http://www.achegas.net/numero/32/clara_e_trotta_32.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.achegas.net/numero/32/clara_e_trotta_32.pdf</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">. Acesso em 17.05.2008</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Notas:</span></span></o:p></p><div style="mso-element:footnote-list"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Cambridge,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> 2006, p.793.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid p.794</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Extraído do material da tele-aula do Professor Daniel Pansarelli – 13.05.2008</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Aurélio, 1999, p.1599.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Das três obras sobre a ética atribuídas ao Aristóteles esta é a que se tem maior certeza da autoria.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Nascido em Estagira, Macedônia, foi morar em Atenas em </span></span><st1:metricconverter productid="367 aC" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">367 aC</span></span></st1:metricconverter><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> onde se tornou discípulo de Platão. Depois da morte de seu mestre morou </span></span><st1:personname productid="em Elida e Lesbos. Procurando" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">em Eólida e Lesbos. Procurando</span></span></st1:personname><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> um tutor para seu filho Alexandre (o Grande), Filipe de Macedônia o chamou à corte em </span></span><st1:metricconverter productid="343 aC" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">343 aC</span></span></st1:metricconverter><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> . Em </span></span><st1:metricconverter productid="333 aC" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">333 aC</span></span></st1:metricconverter><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> retornou a Atenas e fundou o Liceu dedicando assim seu tempo ao ensino e à produção de seus livros. Na morte do Alexandre o Grande em </span></span><st1:metricconverter productid="323 aC" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">323 aC</span></span></st1:metricconverter><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> refugiou-se em Cálcide onde morreu.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="text-transform:uppercase"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Dimensão Política Segundo Platão e a Crítica de Sócrates</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> FERREIRA 1999 - Doutrina que admite ser a felicidade individual ou coletiva o fundamento da conduta humana moral.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> GOBRY 2007 - Sentido usual: término, acabamento. Sentido filosófico: causa final.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top:12.0pt"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Descartes, René (1596-1650) filósofo denominado Pai da Modernidade - nascido em </span></span><st1:personname productid="La Haye" st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">La Haye</span></span></st1:personname><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, França, em 1616 formou-se em direito e, depois de seguir carreira militar na Holanda e Alemanha, período em que viajou extensivamente na Europa, finalmente se instalou na Holanda (1628) onde permaneceu durante 20 anos, dedicando-se a Filosofia. Terminou sua vida na corte da Suécia como professora da Rainha Cristina. Entre suas obras mais famosas: Discurso do Método (1637) e Princípios da Filosofia (1644).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Textos Básicos da Ética – De Platão a Foucault</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) filósofo denominado o grande pensador da Modernidade, nasceu em Königsberg, Prússia Oriental, numa família modesta. Formado em filosofia pela universidade de sua cidade natal , deu aulas para se sustentar, em 1770 ocupa a cátedra de Metafísica e Lógica tornando-se celebridade por causa de seus escritos e nomeação para a Academia de Ciências de São Petersburgo. Ele nunca se casou e sua vida regrada foi totalmente dedicada à pesquisa e ao estudo. Entre suas obras mais famosas – A Critica da Razão Pura (1781) e Crítica da Razão prática (1788).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:PT-BR; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">PANSARELLI, Daniel – Logos e Práxis – Ética Moderna: moral e extra-moral – p.88</span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid. PANSARELLI, Daniel</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Joan/Documents/Licenciatura%20em%20Filosofia/BLOG/%C3%89tica%20x%20Pol%C3%ADtica.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Maquiavel, Nicolau (1469-1527) – Nasceu em Florença, membro de uma família nobre, é conhecido por ter ajudado os franceses a derrubar a casa de Médici, estadista foi o primeiro filosofo expoente do realismo político.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div></div></span><div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> </div></div><p></p>Joanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15608078126350992875noreply@blogger.com2